被動語態和主動語態
語態表示主語和謂語的關係。語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。如果主語是動作的執行者,或者是說動作是由主語完成的,要用主動語態,如:We speak Chinese in China.在中國我們說漢語如果主語是動作的承受者,或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的,則用被動語態,如:Chinese is spoken by us in China.在中國漢語被我們說。
一、主動語態改成被動語態方法
把主動語態改為被動語態非常簡單,可以遵循以下幾個步驟:
1、 將主動語態的賓語作被動語態的主語
2、 謂語動詞變為“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”,並通過be的變化來表達出不同的時態
3主動語態的主語變為介詞by的賓語,組成介詞短語放在被動結構中的謂語動詞之後。(有時by的短語可以省略)
例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
二、被動語態的用法:
1、 一般現在時的被動語態構成:is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
2、 一般過去時的被動語態構成:was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new shop was built last year.
3、 現在完成時的被動語態構成:has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
4、 一般將來時的被動語態構成:will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5、 含有情態動詞的被動語態構成:情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
6、 現在進行時的被動語態構成:am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
7、 不定式的被動語態:to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
三、使用被動語態應注意的幾個問題:
1、 不及物動詞無被動語態。What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2、 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。This pen writes well. This new book sells well.
3、 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式,主動語態中不帶to,但變為被動語態時,須加上to. 例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4、 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時,直接賓語(物)作主語,那麼動詞後要用介詞,這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
5、 一些動詞短語用於被動語態時,動詞短語應當看作一個整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can't laugh at him. →He can't be laughed at by us.